Key Points Individuals with GSTM1 -positive and GSTT1 -positive genotypes are at increased risk for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) when occupationally exposed to certain toxicants Individuals with the GSTM1 -null genotype are at increased risk for bladder cancer, which might be potentiated by smoking and occupational hazards Data on the influence of GSTT1 polymorphism on the risk for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are inconsistent In the process of kidney cancerization, expression of GSTA isoenzymes is downregulated, which contributes to decreased antioxidant capacity in RCC and might enhance RCC growth In the malignant phenotype of TCC of the urinary bladder, upregulation of GSTT1 and GSTP1 might provide a reduced cellular environment and inhibit apoptotic pathways, respectively
134:113 Jasinski et al (1985): Clonidine in morphine withdrawal
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Our experience reviewing peptide and metabolic research compounds shows this pattern repeatedly: compounds with promising in vitro effects fail to translate to in vivo oral models because absorption and metabolism create insurmountable dosing inconsistencies
